Erving Goffmans Front Stage and Back Stage Behavior

Erving Goffman's Front Stage and Back Stage Behavior In sociology, the terms front stage and back stage refer to different behaviors that people engage in every day. Developed by the late sociologist Erving Goffman, they form part of the dramaturgical perspective within sociology that uses the metaphor of the theater to explain social interaction. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life Erving Goffman presented the dramaturgical perspective in the 1959 book The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. In it, Goffman uses the metaphor of theatrical production to offer a way of understanding human interaction and behavior. He argues that social life is a performance carried out by teams of participants in three places: front stage, back stage, and off stage. The dramaturgical perspective also emphasizes the importance of the setting, or context, in shaping the performance, the role of a persons appearance in social interaction, and the effect the manner of a persons behavior has on the overall performance. Running through this perspective is a recognition that social interaction is influenced by the time and place in which it occurs as well as by the audience present to witness it. It is also determined by the values, norms, beliefs, and common cultural practices of the social group or the locale where it occurs. Front Stage Behavior- the World Is a Stage The idea that people play different roles throughout their daily lives and display different kinds of behavior depending on where they are and the time of day is a familiar one. Most people, consciously or unconsciously, behave somewhat differently as their professional selves vs. their private or intimate selves. According to Goffman, people engage in front stage behavior when they know that others are watching. Front stage behavior reflects internalized norms and expectations for behavior shaped partly by the  setting, the particular role one plays in it, and by ones physical appearance. How people participate in a front stage performance can be highly intentional and purposeful, or it can be habitual or subconscious. Either way, front stage behavior typically follows a routinized and learned social script shaped by cultural norms. Waiting in line for something, boarding a bus and flashing a transit pass, and  exchanging pleasantries about the weekend with colleagues are all examples of highly routinized and scripted front-stage performances. The routines of peoples daily lives- traveling to and from work, shopping, dining out, or going to a cultural exhibit or performance- all fall into the category of front stage behavior. The performances people put on with those around them follow familiar rules and expectations for what they should do and talk about with one another in each setting. People also engage in front stage behavior in less public places such as among colleagues at work and as students in classrooms. Whatever the setting of front stage behavior, people are aware of how others perceive them and what they expect, and this knowledge tells them how to behave. It shapes not just what individuals do and say in social settings but how they dress and style themselves, the consumer items they carry around, and the manner of their behavior (assertive, demure, pleasant, hostile, etc.) These, in turn, shape how others view them, what they expect of them, and how they behave toward them. Put differently, French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu would say that cultural capital is a significant factor both in shaping front stage behavior and how others interpret the meaning of it. Back Stage Behavior- What We Do When No Ones Looking When people engage in back stage behavior, they are free of the expectations and norms that dictate front stage behavior. Given this, people are often more relaxed and comfortable when  back stage; they let their guard down and behave in ways that reflect their uninhibited or true selves. They cast off elements of their appearance required for a front stage performance, such as swapping work clothes for casual clothes and loungewear. They may even change how they speak and comport their bodies or carry themselves. When people are back stage, they often rehearse certain behaviors or interactions and otherwise prepare for upcoming front stage performances. They might practice their smile or handshake, rehearse a presentation or conversation, or prep themselves to look a certain way once in public again. So even back stage, people are aware of norms and expectations, which influence what they think about and do. In private, people behave in ways that they would never in public. However, even peoples back stage lives tend to involve others, such as housemates, partners, and family members. One may not behave as formally with these individuals than standard front stage behavior dictates, but they may not fully let down their guards either. Peoples back stage behavior mirrors the way actors behave in the back stage of a theater, the kitchen within a restaurant, or the employee only areas of retail shops. For the most part, how one behaves front stage significantly differs from an individuals back stage conduct. When someone ignores the expectations for front and back stage behaviors, it may lead to confusion, embarrassment, and even controversy. Imagine if a high school principal showed up to school in her bathrobe and slippers, for example, or used profanity while speaking with colleagues and students. For good reason, the expectations linked to front stage and back stage behavior influence most folks to work pretty hard to keep these two realms remain separate and distinct.

Cellular Respiration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Cellular Respiration - Essay Example ATP is called as a "Universal energy currency" since all the energy transactions of the cell use this molecule. In terms of efficiency, aerobic respiration is more efficient than the anaerobic respiration which yields only two molecules of ATP. Both these modes of respiration share the initial Glycolysis step, which occurs in cytoplasm. After, the glycolysis, other reactions of the aerobic respiration, Krebs (Citric acid cycle) and oxidative phosphorylation takes place in mitochondria. Of the four different isozymes, type IV enzyme is not amenable to feedback inhibitory mechanism and is specific to liver and pancreas. During elevated levels of blood glucose, excess amount of Glucose-6-phosphate is made for conversion to glycogen for future use in liver (Table 1). 2. The second reaction of this cascade is catalyzed by phosphoglucose isomerase leading to interconversion of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate during glycolysis and gluconeogenesis (Table 1). 3. Third step in the glycolysis in another priming reaction leading to the addition of another phosphate group by an enzyme called phosphofructokinase 1. This is a unidirectional reaction committing the cells to glycolysis. A phosphatase called fructose bisphosphatase is required for the reverse reaction. A balance of enzymatic activities of phosphofructokinase and fructose bisphosphatase determines whether the reaction proceeds towards glycolysis or gluconeogenesis. This reaction is activated by AMP and also fructose 2,6-bisphosphate which is a product of the reaction catalyzed by phosphofructokinase 2. These enzymes are downregulated by glucagon at the transcriptional level. Fructose bisphosphatase is inhibited by fructose 2,6 bisphosphate (Table 1). 4. The fourth step in the process of glycolysis is the reversible cleavage of fructose 1,6 bisphosphate to form two different triose phosphates, both of which continue through glycolysis, by an enzyme termed aldolase. The different isozymes of aldolase have different catalytic functions: aldolases A and C are mainly involved in glycolysis, while aldolase B

Rebuttal Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rebuttal Argument - Essay Example Wild animals still entail the intrinsic trait of being unsecure. Therefore, people ought to vision beyond their passions and seek to secure themselves. Another reason for not legalizing the taming of exotic animals is that of common sense (USA Today). Wild animals are meant to be as such. Therefore, people should cage normal pets as opposed to the exotic ones. This is because there are animals designated to be pets and others meant to stay in the natural stay. This general sense is what those keeping wild animals lack. In addition, wild animals can never be pets because of passion for the exotic animal. This refers to the verity that certain people take to mistreating the exotic animals. This happens when they fail to bestow their liberty of nature. Moreover, wild animals thrive in conditions with provisions of nature. Therefore, when someone takes to mistreating the animals, this depicts that they entail no fairness. Opinion countering that of the editorial is that there are exceedingly low chances of deaths caused by exotic animals. For instance, statistics prove that only 3.25 Percent of people become executed by exotic animals (USA Today). Therefore, wild animals depict exceedingly limited risks pertaining to people’s safety. There are no explanations as to why people should evade exotic animals becoming their pets. Another reason is that having wild animals as pets eradicates strain on the natural populace (USA Today). This explains that competition among wild animals becomes exceedingly negligible. Therefore, resources become sufficient for the other masses. On the contrary, tamed animals are availed with necessities by the owner. This is ensures that natural endowments are ample for animals. According to The Humane Society of the United States, another reason is that exotic populace acts as a backing for extinction of the wild life. This means that in events where wild animals become rare, the tamed ones save the situation.

Fantasy Faces Reality Essay Example for Free

Fantasy Faces Reality Essay Joyce’s short story â€Å"Araby† shows us the moment of awakening from fantasy by a boy’s one-side love story. we sometimes experience when we continue to work on ourselves, understand that if something is causing regret, anger, unhappiness or and other â€Å"negative† emotion, we are, by definition, experiencing an illusion. We will experience the illusions we still think are real. We will do so because we have made the unreal to real, and the best way to understand that what we see as valuable is actually valueless is to experience its valuelessness. Many times, when people awaken from their particular illusion, they feel so empty, angry, or feel like such a loser, but after this moment, people will step forward again into everyday life to begin new chapters in their personal histories. The short story â€Å"Araby† is filled with the fact that both ‘Symbolism’ and ‘Realism’ share significant weights. It opens and closes with strong symbols to awaken realism. The fantasy and reality are faced at beginning of the story by symbolizing the priest’s death. When the boy narrates about the priest that reads, ’He had been a very charitable priest; in his will he had left all his money to institutions and the furnitures of his house to his sister’ (302). It makes the boy thinks him as a sneer, for it implies that the priest, by having a fortune, might not have been faithful to his position, and by handing his furnitures over to his sister, might not have yet been free from secular ties of family relations. When the priest writes the will, he might believe that he will be charitable and respected by people, but his fantasy is broken by leaving his furnitures to his sister. As an old priest, even if he had been inherited a big fortune, he might have donated the fortune to the society if he had been charitable. It is somehow not delightful to see a wealthy minister, who is supposed to be poor and honorable, especially in the times of poverty. The Joyce’s comments in the story, the boy finds old books in the priests room (Among these I found a few paper-covered books; the pages of which were curled and damp: The Abbot, by Walter Scott, The Devour Communicant and The Memoirs of Vidocq. ) The Abbot (It is said that Queen Mary of Scotland was depicted as a very devout, serious, religious and romantic person.) shows a boys confused recognitions among religion, romanticism and sex, while The Memoirs of Vidocq (the story of a double life of a police and a thief) suggests an allusion on deception and dishonesty. With the name of Mangan, whose sister is the partner of the boys one side love, Joyce suggests a strong allusion of James Clarence Mangan who is an Irish poet in 19th century. By the name Mangan, she was symbolized as a person of hypocrisy and misled emotion. Moreover, there is the back drawing room, where the boy does masturbations in confused illusions of sexual fantasy and religious mystery and devotion. This implies the fact that the desire of the boy, who is a Dublin Irish Catholic, was completely hidden by the religious suppression. The last sentence in the story, the boy says ’my eyes burned with anguish and anger’ (304) In the opening part of the story, the writer used the expression, being blind. (Some scholars explain that the expression, being blind means an impasse indicating the deadlock situation of the Irish society. ) It shows how the boys emotions change to anguish and anger when he faces the reality, coming out of the walls of traditions and religion. The boys emotions had been vague and abstractive up to this point but from there he becomes a real and concrete person. At the last scene, the boy realizes that his journey to Araby is not for a holy duty(The girl, his one sided lover, asked him an errand to buy something for her, and he regarded her as a holy subsistence. ) but only for his imprudence and vanity. The society made him open his eyes to reality (What helped him open his eyes were a few shabbily left-over coins and the English girl who was mindlessly fooling herself by playing around with boys.) He opens his eyes and realizes the reality from the behaviors of English girl casting amorous glances to boys. This is the Epiphany that Joyce suggested. It is the moment when the consciousness of a human being is manifested as if there were the advent of the god. Another point that should be commented is the sentence, What is Araby about. The Araby is a story about love, sex, religion, and a process of a boys growth to an adult in which he faces illusions, separations, and realizations of reality. Also, Araby can be said as a place of growth. The boy was unable to argue against the society and therefore he had to reconcile the strange emotions he faced with the Catholic emotion. That means he sublimated the doubt about his emotions with the mystery of religion. The journey to Araby brought him the realization of reality and the growth to an adult. Dubliners (In this story, the author describes the Dubliners as a moralist reprimanding the spiritual paralysis of his homeland, Ireland. He indicated Dublin as the center of the paralysis) delivers a feeling that is so distressing and so realistic that one becomes painful. Joyce delivered such feeling for Irish people. Koreans of today may also be sympathized if a great writer sharply and realistically reprimands the immoral and sluggish features of the present Korean society but it was the suggestion not for a limited region but for the common society, as presentation of a rule that proves the general history of the human societies. That shows why he is so great a writer. Araby successfully expresses the mix of situations of abundant symbolisms along with politics, culture and religion, through a story of puppy love in adolescence. He properly avoided the fantasies and exaggerations that are typical to novels. This shows how a novel can reflect and affect the real society. As the process of getting used to the reality and living with concealed wounds is the destiny for the human being, the boy is now telling us his past plainly, after having a painful experience to become an adult. To the boy, Araby was an unexpected place for a ceremony to become an adult and a mirror reflecting a new world.

Merger Problems -- No Problem :: essays research papers

I have documented in the previous paper for this class my beef with the authors: that they have a ready-made set of excuses absolving workers of all of the blame for downward spirals in productivity - rather, it’s the cold sterility of computer technology, or mergers, or globalization, or cost-cutting, or reengineering, or outsourcing, or some combination of the above that is to blame for the unraveling of the corporate culture as we know it. In the words of Charlie Brown, â€Å"Good grief.† Perhaps it’s because I’ve never been a part of a strong, warm workplace culture, but I believe that the authors underestimate the value of just coming in, doing your job, and not worrying about having a social life or friends at work, and not carrying on about awful the employment landscape is today. Those things are all nice and might be life-affirming and lend "meaning" to a person's life, but doing the job is paramount to all of the above. (It's not polit ically correct to point this out.) Again, I want to reiterate a point I made in the previous paper: a job is a privilege, not a right. There is no more â€Å"right† to a job than there is a â€Å"right† to win the lottery. I am a terribly lucky, blessed person to have the job that I have, and I work for someone who has the reputation of being an absolute monster at times. But we have gotten so carried away with assigning rights we have no business assigning, rights that the recipients have no business having ascribed to them, that we forget that responsibilities are also involved. The concept of "rights without responsibilities" leads to anarchy, and virtual anarchy is the condition found in many factories and other places of employment today. And the fact that so many people have conspired to legitimize the crap put forth by the two authors - from the publishers to the universities that assign â€Å"The New Corporate Cultures† as a text - makes me wonder if the world has not lost its co llective head. That said, the authors do make some good points about Merger Mania (the topic of Chapter 5) and its effect on organizational cultures, but they don’t offer solutions to the problems; rather, they tend to harp on the fact that the sacred employee is harmed in some way by the merger/ acquisition process.

Cultural Change and Change Management Essay

List some of the complexities of cultural change, and explain shy, in your opinion, change is so difficult to manage. Cultural change takes place in organization when the current culture is not in accordance with the goals and objectives o the company or is not fulfilling the changes that have taken place in the external and the internal environment of the organization. The cultural change usually involves a radical transformation of the policies and [procedures in the origination as well as changes to the values, beliefs and norms that exist between the different people related to the organization itself. In most cases when cultural change tales place it is a result of restructuring of the organization as well. The problems and complexities that are presented by the process of cultural change in the organization pertain to the immense task of defining a new culture for the people in the organization. Usually the old culture is instilled in the members of the organization, as they have gotten used to operating according to the rules, policies, procedures and norms dictated by the old culture, therefore when a cultural change has to take place, all the members have to be informed and briefed about the specific changes taking place. The problems in the process of cultural change take place when the cultural change meets resistance from the people in the organization itself. Other complexities of cultural change include defining the salient points of the old culture, establishing how the new culture is different form the old culture, devising programs through which the new culture can be taught to the people in the company and established as the norms in the organization. Additionally the strenuous process of cultural change and the time required form the cultural change to take place in an organization itself pose as complexities for the organization. Cultural change is often difficult and a very strenuous process as â€Å"organizational cultures are formed for a reason. Perhaps the current organizational culture matches the style and comfort zone of the company founder. Culture frequently echoes the prevailing management style. † (Heathfield, 2007) This as mentioned before is very difficult to change as people have to be taught all over again as to how top adjust to the new culture and what are the norms depicted by the new culture. Moreover the complex process of cultural change also has face brutal retribution from the hesitant and resisting parties who can openly initiate protests against the company. One thing that has to be kept in mind regarding the process of cultural change in organization is that cultural change is never possible in a top down flow form of the hierarchy in the organization. The cultural is supposed to be derived and specifically for the people of the organization. This means that culture has to rise for the bottom to the top of the organizational structural. In this manner most of the complexities listed can be avoided. 2. What happens when two companies merge? Does one culture dominates the other, or does a new culture emerge? Explain, and use examples. In most cases when two companies merge the two companies usually try to keep their organization cultures intact. However if the organization change that is taking place is the kind related to a merger then there is a high chance that despite the efforts of the organization to retain their corporate cultures, a new culture emerges. This new culture shares the same values with the previous culture in the organizations and provides for the beliefs and norms that are present in both the organizations. However in case of an acquisition where one company takes over the other company by acquiring large number of shares in it or outright the company, in such cases the cultural change that takes place pertain to adoption of the culture that is present in the dominant or acquiring organization. In this case the resistance against the cultural change is much intense and stronger as people are usually opposed to the culture of the acquiring organization. However the best policy that is suggested for managing cultural changes in organizations when a consolidation or a merger Is taking place is to develop and establish a new culture which is in accordance with the previous cultures in the organization and provides for the new organization structure as well by being cohesive in nature and adapted to the operations and the environment of the organization. An example of cultural change coming about as a change in the organization structure exists in the case of Swiss Re Americas Division. â€Å"The Swiss Re Americas Division provides a striking example of culture change and subsequent improved performance. In 2000, the division scored in the lowest percentile for each of the four culture traits, and was running at a loss. Following a series of substantial changes, by 2002 the organization had improved its strategic mission, level of adaptability, degree of involvement of its people, and its internal consistency. † (Denison, 2007) The company is now a highly profitable entity which has been operating in a smooth fashion due to is cultural change 3. Describe in your own words the `Flux and Transformation` metaphor presented by Schein. Under what condition does this work best? Why? The organization exists in a flux which can stir transformation. This metaphor states that the organization is a stable entity in an unstable environment. As a result the organization can be effected by the changes that take place in the environment in a dramatic manner. However it can also be argues that the environment is not a separate entity form the organization, but actually a part of the organization itself. This is derived form the fact that organizations are always operating and determining strategies which adapt to the changes that take place in the environment. In fact the environment established the sustainability of the organization. Schein used the metaphor of ‘Flux and Transformation’ in the case of Multicom to demonstrate how the organization theory. According to ‘Flux and Transformation’ Schein depicted that it is possible for comprehend the logic behind the change talking place in a company. Through the use of the metaphor the self image of the company can be said to derive the position it holds in the market and the understanding it forms of its environment. Schein was able to establish in his works that metaphor analysis can be used to identify the inherent culture in the organizations and the various components of the culture and the subcultures that need to change or can derive a change. Schien was also of the opinion that the results of the metaphor analysis could also be used to form perspectives for the organization change and the change in its culture. The flux and transition metaphor as a result suggests that it possible to influence change in an organization which can derive a transformation in the culture that exists in it. 4. When is culture change absolutely necessary for an organization? List at least three examples, and describe them. A change is in the cultural change is absolutely necessary when the culture is not in tune with the orientation of the company and poses a hindrance in the achievement for the long term strategic goals and objectives of the company. The cultural change that takes place however can be a result of various factors. One of which is cultural change through the existence of a subculture. It is possible for a string subculture to exist in an organization which can derive the change in the currently existing culture in the organization. In cases where the subculture is more relevant to the strategy of the company, then it is possible for the subculture to emerge in the organization as the main culture which can be adopted by the organization. The other reason as to why change can become absolutely necessary for the organization’s culture when a new technology is being adopted. The new technology adoption can bring about changes to the business activities and the way business operations can conducted in the business. This can affect the culture of the organization and the orientation of the organization, making it necessary to change the culture in order to correspond to the technology changes that are taking place in the organization. The third example where it can become necessary to change the culture of the organization is in the even of a merger, or a consolidation of the business the change in the business structure as well as the different business that are undertaken by the organization derive change for the culture in the organization. This is because the new organizations can bring their own cultures along with them and when the organization is working as a complete entity, it needs to form a cohesive organization culture which can cater to all aspects of the organizational and its different business divisions. References Denison, D. , (2007), Is Your Company’s Culture Helping Or Hindering – Diagnosing company culture to build high performance, retrieved November 23, 2007 form http://64. 233. 183. 104/search? q=cache:AEFEY-xIEDIJ:www. imd. ch/research/challenges/upload/Is_your_companys_culture_helping_or_hindering. pdf+%22example+of+culture+change%22+%22mergers%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=pk Heathfield, S. M. , (2007), How to Change Your Culture: Organizational Culture Change, retrieved November 23, 2007 form http://humanresources. about. com/od/organizationalculture/a/culture_change. htm Morgan, G. , (2006), Images of Organization, Publisher: Sage Publications Inc, ISBN-10: 1412939798

Immigration in USA Essay - 1363 Words

The United States of America is the best place for immigration. The history proved that the United States was the dream land, the place of chances. That started when Europeans escaped form their countries because there were no jobs and no safe places to live. America became the best choice for people who were looking for political asylum, jobs, or freedom, but after a few generations something changed the Americans look to immigrants as strangers and they forgot where they are from because America is multicultural place and immigration movement should be understandable, but this is not the case. Governments should develop good laws for immigrants by giving rights to immigrants to stay in America, to protect them, and to allow people who†¦show more content†¦At first the government supported open immigration in the open and settled land, but after the Civil War while, states began to pass their own immigration regulations and immigrating become more difficult. The Supreme Cou rt decided immigration would be under federal jurisdiction in 1875, and Congress created the Department of Immigration in 1891. Since 1900 to 1921, Congress created the quota system, which gave authorization for a specified number of individuals of all ethnic groups in immigration like most Asian nations (Wellman, Cole). The government has also put provisions designed to encourage migration of certain kinds of workers who have lost the skills from the current population. In 1924, as the fears of the immigrants fleeing from border increased, Congress set up the first Office of border control to watch the immigrants from Canada and Mexico. Immigration numbers decreased significantly around 1925 and 1945 In 1948, Congress made a temporary revision to the immigration policy to allow people displaced by World War II to be in America. in 1952, Congress made the McCarran-Walter Immigration and Nationality law, which officially canceled any remaining limitations on the grounds of race, and immigration to people of any nation. The McCarran- Walter immigration and nationality law improved political growth (Schrag). Therefore, in 1965, Congress abandoned the quota system and the acceptance of immigration, based on theShow MoreRelated Immigration into the USA Essay1729 Words   |  7 PagesImmigration into the USA My essay is a nation of immigrants in the United States which is about German, Irish, Jewish immigrants in the 1800’s or early 1900’s. I’m a Asian so I know about Asian immigration. But I didn’t know about Europe immigration very well. So I chose it among many topics. 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